In India's Jammu & Kashmir state, Kashmiri youth have led a campaign of protests over the past few months against human rights abuses by the Indian security forces. Scores of stone-throwing youth have died during the protests that began in June.
The Pakistan-backed militancy, which emerged in the peaceful Kashmir valley in 1989, has weakened in recent years, though a number of Pakistan-backed jihadist organizations remain active. However, the youth protests are considered by many neutral observers to be mainly home-grown.
Syed Ali Shah Geelani, a pro-Pakistani Jamaat-e-Islami leader who heads the secessionist Kashmiri groups' alliance All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC), has lent his support to the protesting Kashmiri youth. Geelani's support has also raise concern that the protesters are being guided by Islamist leaders. An Islamist dimension to the Kashmir protests will mean that the protesters support Geelani's demand for secession of Jammu & Kashmir from India and its unification with Pakistan.
In Jammu & Kashmir, there is already an elected government headed by Chief Minister Omar Abdullah, who came to power in late 2008, following free and fair elections. In a recent article, Indian journalist Aakar Patel, who is a columnist with the Pakistani daily The News, expressed concern that the youth protests are being taken over by jihadists. In an article, titled "What Ails Kashmir? The Sunni Idea of 'Azadi,"' Patel wondered what will satisfy the Kashmiris, if not the fact that they have their own secular government.
Following are excerpts from the article:[1]
"What do Kashmiris Want Freedom From? India's Constitution"
"We know what Hurriyat Conference wants: azadi, freedom. But freedom from what? Freedom from Indian rule. Doesn't an elected Kashmiri, Omar Abdullah, rule from Srinagar?
"Yes, but Hurriyat rejects elections. Why? Because ballots have no azadi option. But why can't the azadi demand be made by democratically elected leaders? Because elections are rigged through the Indian Army. Why is the Indian Army out in Srinagar and not in Surat? Because Kashmiris want azadi.
"Let's try that again.
"What do Kashmiris want freedom from? India's Constitution. What is offensive about India's Constitution? It is not Islamic. This is the issue, let us be clear.
"The violence in Srinagar isn't for democratic self-rule because Kashmiris have that. The discomfort Kashmiris feel is about which laws self-rule must be under, and Hurriyat rejects a secular constitution."
"Hurriyat Deceives the World by Using a Universal Word, Azadi, to Push a Narrow, Religious Demand"
"Hurriyat deceives the world by using a universal word, azadi, to push a narrow, religious demand. Kashmiris have no confusion about what azadi means: It means Shari'a. Friday holidays, amputating thieves' hands, abolishing interest, prohibiting alcohol (and kite-flying), stoning adulterers, lynching apostates, and all the rest of it that comprises the ideal Sunni state.
"Not one Shi'ite gang terrorizes India; terrorism on the subcontinent is a Sunni monopoly.
"There is a token Shi'ite among the Hurriyat's bearded warriors, but it is essentially a Sunni group pursuing Sunni Shari'a. Its most important figure is Umar Farooq. He's called Mirwaiz, meaning head of preachers (waiz), but he inherited his title at 17 [years of age, after his father was murdered by militants] and actually is no Islamic scholar. He is English-educated, but his base is Srinagar's sullen neighborhood of Maisuma, at the front of the stone-pelting. His following is conservative and, since he has little scholarship, he is unable to bend his constituents to his view.
"Hurriyat's modernists are led by … [the] 80-year-old Syed Ali Shah Geelani of Jamaat-e-Islami. Jamaat was founded in 1941 by a brilliant man from [the western Indian state of] Maharashtra called Maulana Maududi, who invented the structure of the modern Islamic state along the lines of a communist one."
"Maududi was Ecumenical, Meaning that He Unified the Four Sunni Groups of Thought; He Always Excluded Shi'ites, as Heretics"
"Maududi opposed [Pakistan's founder Mohammad Ali] Jinnah's tribal raid in Kashmir, which led to the Line of Control [which divides Kashmir between India and Pakistan], saying jihad could only be prosecuted formally by a Muslim state, and not informally by militias. This wisdom was discarded later, and Hizbul Mujahideen, starring Syed Salahuddin of cap and beard fame [from Pakistani Kashmir], is a Jamaat unit.
"Maududi was ecumenical, meaning that he unified the four Sunni groups of thought. He always excluded Shi'ites, as heretics."
"The Kashmiri Separatist Movement is Actually Inseparable from Sunni Fundamentalism"
"The Kashmiri separatist movement is actually inseparable from Sunni fundamentalism. Those on the Hurriyat's fringes who say they are [peace-loving] Gandhians, like Yasin Malik, are carried along by the others in the group so long as the immediate task of resisting India is in common. But the Hurriyat and its aims are ultimately poisonous, even for Muslims.
"The Hurriyat Conference's idea of freedom unfolds from a religious instinct, not a secular sentiment. This instinct is sectarian, and all the pro-azadi groups are Shi'ite-killers. In promoting their hatred, the groups plead for the support of other Muslims by leaning on the name of Islam's Prophet Muhammad.
"[For example,] Hafiz is a title and means memorizer of the Koran. Mohammed Saeed's Lashkar-e-Taiba means army of Tyeb ('the good'), one of the Prophet's names. Lashkar-e-Taiba rejects all law from sources other than the recorded sayings and actions of Muhammad. This is called being Wahhabi, and Wahhabis detest the Shia.
"Jaish-e-Muhammad (Muhammad's Army) was founded in a Karachi mosque, and it is linked to the Shi'ite-killing Sipah-e-Sahaba (Army of Muhammad's First Followers) in Pakistan's Seraiki-speaking southern Punjab. The group follows a narrow, anti-Shi'ite doctrine…"
"The [Pakistani] state is no longer able to convince its citizens that it should act against these groups. Though their own Shi'ites are regularly butchered, a poll shows that a quarter of Pakistanis think Lashkar-e-Taiba does good work.
"We think Indian Muslims are different from Pakistanis and less susceptible to fanaticism. It is interesting that within Pakistan, the only group openly and violently opposed to the Taliban and terrorism are migrants [from northern Indian states of] Uttar Pradesh and Bihar who form Karachi's secular Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) party."
"What do the [Kashmiri] Separatist Groups Want? It is Wrong to See Them as Being Only Terrorist Groups; They Operate in An Intellectual Framework"
"So what do the [Kashmiri] separatist groups want? It is wrong to see them as being only terrorist groups. They operate in an intellectual framework, and there is a higher idea that drives the violence. This is a perfect state with an executive who is pious, male and Sunni. Such a state, where all is done according to the book, will get God to shower his blessings on the citizens, who will all be Sunnis.
"There are three types of Sunnis in Kashmir: unionists, separatists, and neutrals. Unionists, like [elected Chief Minister] Omar Abdullah, are secular and likely to be repelled by separatism because they have seen the damage caused by political Islam in Pakistan. They might not be in love with Indians, but they see the beauty of the Indian Constitution.
"Neutrals, like [former Chief Minister] Mehbooba Mufti, are pragmatic and will accept the Indian Constitution when in power, though they show defiance when out of it. This is fine, because they respond to a Muslim constituency that is uncertain, but isn't totally alienated. The longer these two groups participate in democracy in Kashmir, the weaker the separatists become. The current violence is a result of this. Given their boycott of politics, the Hurriyat must rally its base by urging them to violence and most of it happens in Maisuma and Sopore.
"The violence should also clarify the problem in the minds of neutrals: If Kashmiri rule [as they already have now an elected government] does not solve the azadi problem, what will?"
"India has a Constitution; Pakistan has Editions; These are the Various Pakistani Constitutions: 1935 (Secular), 1956 (Federal), 1962 (Dictatorial), 1973…"
"India's liberals are defensive when debating Kashmir because of our unfulfilled promise on plebiscite [for Kashmiris to decide about their future]. But they shouldn't be. There is really no option to secular democracy, whether one chooses it through a plebiscite or whether it is imposed. It is a universal idea and there is no second form of government in any culture or religion that works. The Islamic state is utopian and it never arrives. Since it is driven by belief, however, the search becomes quite desperate.
"India has a constitution; Pakistan has editions. These are the various Pakistani constitutions: 1935 (secular), 1956 (federal), 1962 (dictatorial), 1973 (parliamentary), 1979 (Islamic), 1999 (presidential), 2008 (parliamentary).
"Why do they keep changing and searching? Muslims keep trying to hammer in Islamic bits into a set of laws that is actually quite complete. This is the Government of India Act of 1935, gifted to us by the British.
"Kashmiris have it, and perhaps at some point they will learn to appreciate its beauty."
Endnote:
[1] www.livemint.com, India, August 6, 2010. The text of the article has been lightly edited for clarity.
